Key Nutrient:   Vitamin E

Vitamin E is an important fat-soluble vitamin and antioxidant.  It reduces the free radicals hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide.  It also has synergistic effects with vitamin C, quinones (such as CoQ10 and idebenone) glutathione, and carnosine.

Vitamin E is in GO2 because it has been shown to have the following effects:

Scientifically demonstrated benefits of Vitamin E:

References

  1. Aguilo A, Antioxidant response to oxidative stress induced by exhaustive exercise. Laboratori de Ciencies de l'Activitat Fisica and Department de Biologia Fonamental i Ciencies de la Salut, Edifici Guillem Colom, Facultat de Ciencies, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Balears, Spain.
  2. Briviba K. et al, A half-marathon and a marathon run induce oxidative DNA damage, reduce antioxidant capacity to protect DNA against damage and modify immune function in hobby runners. Redox Rep. 2005;10(6):325-31
  3. Dawson B et al. Effect of Vitamin C and E supplementation on biochemical and ultrastructural indices of muscle damage after a 21 km run. Int J Sports Med. 2002 Jan;23(1):10-5
  4. S Gariballa and A Sinclair, “Review. Carnosine: physiological properties and therapeutic potential.” Age and Ageing 2000 29: 207-210
  5. Kagan, V.E., Fabisiak, J.P., and Quinn, P.J. Coenzyme Q and vitamin E need each other as antioxidants. Protoplasma, 214:11-18, 2000
  6. Li X, May JM., “Location and recycling of mitochondrial alpha-tocopherol.” Mitochondrion. 2003 Aug;3(1):29-38
  7. Machefer G, et al. Extreme running competition decreases blood antioxidant defense capacity. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004 Aug;23(4):358-64.
  8. Quinn, P.J., Fabisiak, J.P., and Kagan, V.E. Expansion of antioxidant function of vitamin E by coenzyme Q. Biofactors, 9:149-154, 1999
  9. Manna I, Jana K, Samanta PK, “Intensive swimming exercise-induced oxidative stress and reproductive dysfunction in male wistar rats: protective role of alpha-tocopherol succinate.” Can J Appl Physiol. 2004 Apr;29(2):172-85.
  10. Pialoux V et al. Effects of exercise and training in hypoxia on antioxidant/pro-oxidant balance. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006 Jun 21
  11. Seifulla, RD, et al. The effect of solubilized alpha-tocopherol acetate on resistance to experimental physical loading Eksp Klin Farmakol. 1992 Mar-Apr;55(2):39-40.
  12. Wissam H. Ibrahim, Hemmi N. Bhagavan, Raj K. Chopra and Ching K. Chow, “Dietary Coenzyme Q10 and Vitamin E Alter the Status of These Compounds in Rat Tissues and Mitochondria.” Journal of Nutrition. 2000;130:2343-2348